trauma
The human body is torn or damaged by tissues that occur in external forces.There are many reasons for causing trauma. According to the presence of wounds, it can be divided into two categories: openness and closure.
Closed trauma
Caused by blunt force, without Skin and body mucosa rupture, commonly contulatory and sprains.
contusion
The Skin and subcutaneous soft tissue caused by the blunt force are damaged, the Skin is not cracking, the damage is bruised, and the subcutaneous blood stasis, swelling, and tenderness.Light can use injury and pain relief cream to post the injury area.For chest and abdomen contusion and head injury, you should consider whether there are deep hematoma or internal organs damage to bleeding. You should go to the Hospital to observe the diagnosis.
sprain
Sprain often occurs at the ankle, waist, neck and wrist.The general treatment principle of sprains is to allow patients to stabilize their emotions, fix the injured parts, and apply cold and wet cloth to the affected area.Hand -foot sprains can raise the affected part.The neck and waist sprain cannot move the affected area while moving.Sprain is often accompanied by joint dislocation or fracture, and it is advisable to go to the Hospital for treatment immediately.In addition, regardless of the severity of the sprains, you must not take a bath or disgust immediately, and you must send it to the Hospital for treatment.Commonly used treatment methods for sprains include local closed (0.25 % 0.5 % Prucaine), drugs and intra -medicine, physiotherapy, etc.
Open trauma
Most of them are caused by sharp weapons and firearms, and a few can be caused by blunt force. There are often Skin and surface mucosa rupture.
Cut off
After the shallow wound was washed with warm water or physiological saline, it was disinfected with iodine or alcohol, and he bleeding, or sprayed with a "good" spray to spray in the wound, and then bandaged, which can generally heal quickly."Chuangya" can be used for small wounds.For deeper wounds, you should immediately compress the hemostasis, go to the Hospital to perform clearance, and perform suture repair according to the injury.Drugs that cannot be applied to the injury of the knife, otherwise the wound will be difficult to heal.
Stab
It is advisable to disinfect the wound first, remove the foreign body with a sterilized needle and mule, and then bandage the wound after disinfection.Foreign objects are infected with purulent infections. For those with small wounds and less bleeding, it is better to squeeze out some blood on the wound. The stabbing of the nails is not easy to deal with.Or go to the Hospital for treatment.If you are stabbed in the body and stay in the body, you should take it out in the Hospital in X -ray.Deep wounds may have important tissue injuries, often infected, and can be treated with anti -inflammatory drugs.The stabbing of unclean objects should prevent the occurrence of tetanus, and it is advisable to inject tetanus antitoxin in the Hospital's muscles.
Principles of trauma treatment
For patients with a large amount of bleeding, the hemostatic method should be taken first; for small wounds such as cutting injuries and stabbing, if a small amount of blood can be squeezed out, it can excrete bacteria and dust;Wounds must be covered with a clean cloth, and it must not be covered with cotton and toilet paper directly.
scald
Scald can be divided into two types: burns and water scald.In addition to high -temperature burns such as boiling water, flames, steams, etc. in daily life, chemical burns such as strong acids and alkali in the industry, physical burns such as current, radiation, and nuclear energy.The larger the area, the deeper the depth, and the greater the impact on the whole body and the local area.
The degree of burns
Scald can be divided into:
At one time burns (red spots, red Skin, and hot tingling sensation);
Two -degree burns (blisters, blisters produce water in the affected area);
Three degrees of burns (necroticness, Skin peeling off), mild burns for small area, can be cured at home. After cleaning the wound, you can apply Jingwan Wanhong and Meibao to wet burn cream.For large areas of burns, it should be sent to the Hospital for treatment as soon as possible.
Scald
The principle of scald treatment is to first remove the heat source, quickly leave the scene, and use various fire extinguishing methods, such as water immersion, water, and rolling on the spot., Until the pain disappears.You can also use a wet towel or bed sheet to cover the wound, and then spray cold water upwards.Don't break the blisters.
The wound treatment of burns is the most important. First, shave the wounded area and its nearby hair, and cut off the long nails.Wash the healthy Skin around the wound with soapy water and water, and then disinfect with a 0.1 % new Jieer extinguishing or 75 % alcohol.The wound surface is cleaned by equal saline to remove foreign objects and dirt on the surface.Do not damage the small water blisters. The large blisters can use an injection empty needle to draw blood blisters, or cut the blisters at a low level.Those who have broken blisters or pollutations should be cut off, and the wounds should be gently opened with gauze, covering a layer of liquid paraffin gauze or thin layer of vase forest oil gauze, plus multi -layer abandoned gauze and cotton pads, and even bandages and even bandages.Press.Scald can also be bandaged, exposed therapy, etc.
Scalds are often prone to concurrent infections, so antibacterials should be used, and tetanus antitoxin can be injected.
The treatment of large -scale burns requires a large amount of human and material resources.Moreover, extensive scars are left, causing severe deformity and dysfunction.Therefore, we must pay attention to prevention. In daily life, we must strengthen fire education for residents and children. In the industrial and mining enterprises, industrial and mining enterprises must strengthen the safety production education for employees and formulate a strict fire management system.
Frostbite
It is a damage formed by the body due to exposure in a cold environment.Frozen frostbite can be divided into two types: local and whole body: local frostbite is better at exposed parts such as finger, toe, nose, auricle, cheeks, etc., and it is easy to recur on the same part.
The degree of frostbite
The first degree (erythema): The Skin of the frostbite changes from pale to plaques -like purple blue, and later converts red, swollen, and congested.And itching, pain, numbness and other phenomena.The symptoms disappeared about 5 to 7 days without leaving scars.
The second degree (blisters): In addition to redness and swelling in the frostbite, there can also be a variety of blisters, local pain, and it is not sensitive to cold, heat, and acupuncture.After 2 to 3 weeks, the dry scoop is formed. When the scoop Skin falls off, there is a thin new Skin covering the wound.
The third degree: Lightly limited to the Skin, the Skin changes from pale and purple, and the Skin around the injury is swollen and there can be blisters. Most of them have severe pain.It takes more than two months after the necrotic tissue falls off after falling off, and scars are formed.
Frostbite
When frostbite in the whole body, except for the contraction of the surface of the body and the pale Skin, the wounded has a cold Battle to increase the body's fever and maintain the temperature in the body.But when the body temperature continues to decline, the injured person feels tired and sleeps.Furthermore is dull, often hallucinations.If not treated in time, it will endanger life.
Treatment of frostbite
After the frostbite occurs, the wound should be recovered quickly, so that the wounding part can be soaked in clean warm water, and heated to about 37-42 C within 5-7 minutes.The frostbite should be slightly raised to reduce edema.The first and second frostbite is bandaged.The third frostbite should be disinfected, bandaged, prevent infection and wound treatment by medical units.After the whole body frostbite is repeated, due to the damage of both systemic tissues and organs, hypertrophic shock and heart and kidney function can still occur, so rescue should be hospitalized.
After frostbite, treatment is more difficult, so it should be prevented.Personnel who work under the severe cold should pay attention to cold, humidity, shoes and socks, and keep them dry and dry.Exposure should be applied to reduce heat dissipation.And wearing masks, gloves, earmuffs, etc.Appropriate movements should be appropriately moved to promote blood circulation.In addition, you must have enough sleep to avoid excessive fatigue and pay attention to nutrition.There should be an alarm device in the cold storage to prevent accidents.
Poisonous snake bite
Poisonous snakes have toxic glands and can secrete toxins.When the poisonous snake bites, the venom glands are pressured, and the venom is injected into the wound through the tooth.
The venom of the poisonous snake can be roughly divided into two categories:
Neurotoxicity can paralyze the medullary center and muscle quickly;
Hematology poison can make the blood from solidify, cause bleeding and hemolysis, and also cause the blood vessel contraction and diastolic function.If you do not rescue in time, you can cause death.
Types of poisonous snakes
There are many types of poisonous snakes in the family of cobra, viper, viper, and sea snakes. The inhabitants contained in different nature, so the pathological changes and symptoms of the bite people are also different.
Venom (including viper, five -step snake, iron head, bamboo leaf green, etc.) is blood -firing poison, the pain and redness of the bite, and the hematopoietic water is continuously flowing from the wound.Those who were bitten were cold, nausea, and fainting. There were many bleeding such as nosebleeds, conjunctiva bleeding, subcutaneous hemorrhage, vomiting blood, hemoptysis, and hematuria.Bite to death from 2 to 7 days.
Venoms of the Snake Snake (including Cobra, Golden Ring Snake, Silver Ring Snake, etc.) belong to neurotoxic poison, and there are burning pain from the first part of the bite. Later, it felt numb.Re -drooping, drooping, nausea, vomiting, difficulty swallowing, and unclear words; followed by limbs paralysis, weak breathing, conscious suffocation, and finally dying due to respiratory center paralysis and heart failure.From bite to death from half an hour to 30 hours.
The symptoms caused by distinguishing which types of venom are important in treatment.
Treatment of poisonous snake bite
The first aid principle of toxic snake bite is to prevent the spread and absorption of toxins early, and reduce local damage as much as possible.Snake venom is absorbed in 3 to 5 minutes, so the earlier the first aid, the better.
Bind
Towns the hemostatic band or rubber tape at about 5 to 10 cm near the near side of the bite to prevent vein blood and lymphatic fluid from returning, and then squeeze around the wound or suck with your hands (those who have oral mucosa ulceration should not suck),Eliminate venom in vitro.
Flush wound
Wash the surrounding Skin with soapy water and water, and then repeatedly rinse the wound with physiological saline, 0.1 % potassium permanganate or water purification.
Local cooling
First immerse the wounded limbs in 4-7 C for 3 to 4 hours in cold water, and then use the ice pack to reduce the absorption speed of toxins and reduce the vitality of enzymes in toxins.
Detoxify
Those who bite within 24 hours, cut the wound with tooth marks as the center of "ten" or "", so that the venom flows out. You can also use a breast pump or cupping to suck the venom.But the mouth should not be too deep, so as not to damage the blood vessels.If there is a snake -tooth residue, take it out immediately.Cut or suck early, otherwise the effect is not obvious.
Drug treatment
Commonly used detoxifying antivirus include Shanghai snake drugs (orally, 20 ml for the first time, and then changed to 10 ml every 6 hours).) Wait, you can also use half -branch lotus 60 grams, 60 grams of white flower snake tongue, 9 grams of seven -leaf and one branch, and purple flower diced 60 grams of decoction.Anti -snake venom serum is injected with 20 ml of venous injection of 20 ml of physiological saline, or 7.5 ml of wound nearby muscle injection.Domestic viper antitotoxin cure snake bite, and it also has a certain effect on bite of bamboo leaves.You can also apply hormone, diuretics and support therapy, which has auxiliary treatment effect on this disease.
Prevention of poisonous snake bite
Preventing snake bite is mainly to strengthen the protection of wild workers.From the tooth marks of the bite, you can determine that the snake that bite people has no toxic teeth, which is helpful for the diagnosis of poisonous snake bites.After the non -toxic snake bites a person, leave a row of neat teeth marks; after the toxic snake bites, the other two tooth marks of the toothed teeth are left, which is larger and deeper than the general non -toxic snake tooth marks.EssenceThe bite, such as non -toxic snake tooth marks, or no redness and pain after 15 minutes, may be bitter for non -toxic snakes without treatment for the time being.If it is not easy to distinguish between toxic or non -toxic snake bites, it should be treated according to the snake bite, so as not to lose the opportunity for rescue.
Bite
Dog bites are generally divided into crazy Dogs (rabies) bite and ordinary Dog bite. Rabies bites are more common in June to August. Rabies have more sexual mutations, mania and irritability, barking, biting people when they are irritable, or although they are quiet and nothingIrritable, but do not eat, gradually lose weight, and the muscle paralysis is paralyzed and died.
After the Dog bites, rinse the wound immediately. First, use 20%soapy water and a lot of water to repeatedly rinse the wound. You can also rinse with vinegar and make the necessary debridement. Then use 0.1%new to destroy the washing.Burning the damage with concentrated nitric acid or thick carbonic acid and iodine.If you are suspected to bite the crazy Dog, you should go to the Hospital for treatment as soon as possible, and injection of rabies vaccine to prevent rabies.It is also possible to inject antibiotics or tetanus antiditin serum.
Beeho injury
Beeds or horses are injured (tail thorns into the Skin). Generally, they only show local redness and pain, and they have no symptoms of the whole body. After a few hours, they fade away.If you are injured by a group of beekeepers, systemic symptoms, such as dizziness, nausea, vomiting, etc. In severe cases, shock, coma or death may occur, and hemoglobinuria may occur, and acute renal failure may occur.Patients with allergies are prone to urticaria, edema, asthma or allergic shock.
Bee tincture can be applied with weak alkaline solution (such as 3 % ammonia water, soapy water, light lime water, etc.), which is neutralized and acidic poisoning.The weakly acidic solution (such as vinegar) neutralizes, wipe it with a small needle or gauze, and remove the bee thorns.For those with heavy local symptoms, fire can be poisoned and local closed therapy, and analgesics can be given.Those with severe systemic symptoms should go to the Hospital for treatment quickly.For those who have signs of pus with bee collar or wounds, antibiotics should be used.
Bite
After bite, local manifestations include acute inflammation, pain, itching, and some can see headaches, fever, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and even signs of sorrow, convulsions, and coma.
After bite, wash the wounds and cold compresses with weak alkaline solution (such as soapy water, light lime water, etc.) immediately, or use the equivalent of majestic yellow, alum to adjust the wound with strong tea or shochu, or use the fishy fishy fishy.Grass and dandelion smashed.Those with systemic symptoms should go to the Hospital for treatment quickly.
Cat bite
After being bitten by cats and rat, there are more redness and pain in the local area. In severe cases, lymphatic vessels, lymphitis, lymphitis, or honeycomb tissue inflammation causes lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes.
When the bite is located on the limbs, it can temporarily stop the hemostatic band, rinse the wound with physiological saline or water, and use 5 % carbonic acid or nitric acid to corrode local.Those with severe symptoms should go to the Hospital for treatment.
Other poisonous worms bites
Scorpion and poisonous spiders can be seen in daily life.
Scorpion injuries can be seen in a large area of redness and pain. In severe cases, cold war, fever, nausea, vomiting, tongue and muscles, drooling, headache, drowsiness, night sweats, fast breathing, weak pulse, etc.In severe cases, they can die due to respiratory and circulating failure.Poisonous spiders are local pale, reddish or urticaria. In severe cases, local tissue necrosis or general symptoms.
The principle of handling the two is the same as the poisonous snake bite. After the injury, it was bandaged on the near -hearted end.At the same time, rinse the wound, suck and detoxify, and those with obvious systemic symptoms should find a doctor for treatment.
Foreign body
General ear canal foreign bodies include toys, Beans, buttons, stones, paper rolls, etc., mostly occurred in children.Pain often shows pain, tinnitus or dizziness, large foreign bodies or grains are swollen after water, often with hearing loss.If the foreign body is not injured to the wall of the tympanic membrane and the outer ear canal, there may be no obvious symptoms.
For external auditory foreign objects, it is generally better to diagnose at the Department of ENT of the Hospital.
External ear canal foreign objects should be removed at the selection of foreign body.The round and hard foreign objects can be placed in the ear hook needle, and the small gaps around the foreign body can be put in the deep side of the foreign body.Beans and Peanut kernels can be dripped into alcohol first, shrinking, and then hooking or pulling out.Flat or rod -shaped foreign bodies can be sandwiched with ears.Small mud or sediment, can be rinsed with warm water, or dug with ear spoons or small spoons.For live mosquito and flying worms, you can use the terrorist sign dipped in ether or chloroform to contact the insect body. You can also fill the outer ear canal with alcohol or oil. After the mosquito is killed, remove it with a clip or rinse with water.
When the children are noisy, they can take out foreign bodies under the anesthesia of their bodies.For Smooth foreign objects, carefully hook it to prevent pushing inward.
Eye trauma
Eye injuries occupy an important position in the cause of blindness.The eye tissue is not easy to repair or rebuilt after being destroyed. Destruction of the destruction of function is often unavoidable, and in severe cases, it will cause blindness.However, eye trauma can be avoided.As long as we strictly abide by safety operation procedures in the labor process, attach importance to labor and health protection, and educate children not to play with knives, cuts and sharp toys, the occurrence of eye trauma can be greatly reduced.
Eye, conjunctiva tear wounds
Eyeline torn laceration of laceration eyelids has a lot of chances of injury.Its processing principles are basically the same as general surgery.Such as hemostasis, debride, suture, anti -inflammatory, etc.However, due to the abundant blood supply and healing ability of the eyelid itself, as long as the injured tissue is sutured in time to prevent the infection from getting satisfactory healing, it is not necessary or should not be removed.Vigitalization causes corneal safety.
When conjunctivation of conjunctiva, the possibility of combined with scleral lobes should be alert to the possibility of combined with sclera. Pay attention to checking the wound carefully. If you are accompanied by a conjunctiva bleeding, you should pay special attention.Smaller conjunctiva wounds are not sutured for good people; larger tear wounds, especially when the cracks are uneven or accompanied by fascia, must be sutured.
Cornea
Corneal foreign body is the most common corneal injury in eye injuries.Most of the factors are metallic foreign bodies such as iron dumbs and copper end; in the rural areas, grains, Wheat mang, dust particles, etc. are more common in rural areas.
Forex sensation, pain, and reflective tears are the main symptoms of corneal foreign bodies.Do not rub it with your hands, so as not to get out of the deep part of the cornea but it is not easy to remove.Generally speaking, corneal foreign bodies are easier to find, but small foreign bodies need to be carefully checked to find.Foreign objects should be removed as soon as possible (rust spots can be formed after the iron dumb stays on the cornea for several hours), but sterile operation must be strictly performed to avoid infection.Antibiotics should be bandaged after surgery until the corneal wound healed completely.
Conjacosous foreign bodies are often attached to the upper eyelid conjunctival surface, which is particularly common in the parts of the meabstal ditch.The larger foreign body can be hidden in the conjunctiva of the dome, so it should be fully exposed to the dome.
The conjunctiva foreign body can be removed with a cotton swab dipped in physiological saline, and it can also be used to use a clean handkerchief.
Perforated injury
The eyeball wall is broken by a sharpware or foreign body, called perforated injury.There are many causes of perforated injuries, such as stabilizers such as small knives, scissors, lead wires, etc., or crosses are worn into the eyes when hitting metal objects.
After perforation, it is easily attacked by external bacteria and causes intraocular infections.The clinical changes are diverse. It is lightly manifested as a rainbow eyelashes. The pest of the front room can be the eye content to cause the whole eyeballs.Fresh perforated injury is difficult to determine for a while. Even if the injury is serious, sometimes active rescue can restore a certain vision, so you should not rashly remove your eyes.At the same time, we must also pay attention to the safety of healthy eyes to prevent emotional eyeitis.In short, once the accident occurs, the wound should be repaired as much as possible, and it is not allowed to be embedded in the wound or out of the eyes.When there is a foreign body in the eyes, it should be further checked in X -ray filming. Those who have foreign objects should be removed as soon as possible.
After the suture is repaired, antibiotics should be injected under the conjunctiva of the ball.If there are possible infected infection, a sufficient amount of antibiotics should be used within one week after surgery.Atropine pupils should be listed as routine to prevent iris adhesion.When the wound is deeper and contaminated by dirt such as soil, in addition to injection of antibiotics, tetanus antidoxin should also be injected.
Dull injury
The eyeball was injured by external force, but it was not ruptured, and it was called dull injuries, such as injuries such as collision, fist, slingshot, ball, etc. suffered by various objects.According to the size of violence, the injury can be light or severe.If the eyelid hemorrhage, the conjunctival hemorrhage, most of them will subscribe by itself, generally no special treatment is required.When the corneal epithelium falls off, it should be bandaged with anti -inflammatory eye ointment to prevent infection.When the injury is severe, the pre -room bleeding may occur, the pupils are enlarged, the root of the iris is broken, causing pupil deformation, lens dislocation, vitreous bleeding, choroid tearing, retinal edema, bleeding, etc., and the vision may be highly damaged.The degree of dull injury cannot be concluded by the performance of the eye alone. It should be checked in detail, a comprehensive estimation, and appropriate treatment based on the degree of injury.
The front room bleeding is a common symptom of the dull wounded in the eyeball. For a long time, the bleeding can be filled with all the front houses and cannot see the pupils and iris, resulting in an increased intraocular pressure. When the bleeding is small, it is only accumulated in the lower part of the front room.
A small amount of front room bleeding, just rest properly, take the semi -lying position, so that the blood is deposited below the front room without covering the pupils; bandaging eyes, reducing eyeball activity, and appropriate application of hemostatic drugs, such as hemostasis, amnonic blood, vitamin C, vitamin C, vitamin C, vitamin C, vitamin C, K and Chinese herbal medicines, etc., will soon be absorbed by themselves.When there are secondary glaucoma, you can take vinegar or glycerin.If the bleeding is too much, the intraocular pressure rises, and the absorbers are not seen after the treatment of drugs. After observing 3 to 5 days, the front room can be cut, bleeding, and rinse, so as not to form corneal blood stains.Oral hormones should be orally when retinal injury to reduce the further damage of the tissue.
Burn
Burning may occur by splashing the eyes with strong acid, strong alkali, high -heat steam or liquid.The consequences are serious and should be treated in time.The treatment method is as follows:
A. When the eyes are burned by chemicals such as acid -base, the personnel at the scene should immediately use a large amount of water (well water, river water, tap water) to rinse the eye. The faster the better, the better the better.
B. If there is a solid chemical substance in the conjunctiva, take it out with a gardenia or cotton swab and then rinse.
C. Use antibiotic eye cream for local coating, 4 to 6 times a day.
D. Those with severe injuries are expanded with 1 % Atropine or eye ointment, 2 to 3 times a day.
E. In severe cases, when there is a phenomenon of pale conjunctiva and necrosis, undercist should be rinsed.
F. Heavier alkaline burns can inject vitamin C 0.5 to 1 ml in the conjunctiva or 0.5 to 1 ml injection from blood (0.5 L milliligo of your own venous blood is immediately injected under the conjunctiva).
G. After severe burns, the eyeball conjunctiva may produce adhesion, so it should be separated with very Smooth disinfection glass rods. Pay attention not to damage the cornea.
H. Those who have a large area of necrosis and severe stimulation symptoms for cornea and conjunctiva shall be given oral hormone drugs.
I. If conjunctiva necrosis is heavier, it is estimated that those who cannot be recovered should be removed and repaired with the lip lip mucosa.
A respiratory tract foreign body (foreign body stalk throat)
In daily life, because the foreign body is not noticed, the foreign body enters the throat, the trachea or bronchies, which causes foreign bodies in the respiratory tract. Foreign objects only or stuck in the throat call the foreign body stalk throat.This condition is very critical and mostly occurs in children. It can also occasionally see adults. If it is not diagnosed and treated in time, suffocation can be suffocated in a short period of time.
There are many types of foreign objects in the respiratory tract. The most common are watermelon seeds, peanuts, soybeans, broad beans, etc. The most common throat throats are fishbone and meat bones.
symptom
After the foreign body enters the respiratory tract by mistake, severe cough can appear immediately. Children may be crying and making troubles. They may also be accompanied by symptoms such as stretching and lips.The foreign body embedded throat shows that the sound is hoarse and difficulty in breathing. When the foreign body is large, it can suffocate and die quickly.Foreign objects stay in the trachea (especially the right bronchial foreign objects are common), which are mainly manifested as paroxysmal cough or poor breathing.Foreign objects stay in the bronchus. Symptoms of paroxysmal cough and dyspnea can be reduced, and foreign bodies can cause fever and sputum due to foreign bodies stimulating bronchial mucosa.The fishbone card throat is mainly manifested as the throat discomfort, difficulty swallowing, and pain.
deal with
Once the respiratory tract is accidentally entered into a foreign body, it should be sent to the Hospital for treatment as soon as possible. The situation is critical and the doctor should not be treated in time. The child can stand upside down and light the back of the child.I suspect that a foreign body should go to the Hospital for treatment.The throat foreign body can be clamped out of the foreign body under the view of the throat. When the fishbone stuck, it must not be mistakenly pushed in inward. Drinking vinegar in the people seems to have a certain effect on the softening fish thorns.The trachea foreign body can be removed in direct laryngeal mirror or bronchoscopy.The bronchial foreign body needs to be taken out by the bronchial mirror, or the chest cavity is opened.For those who have suffocation, the intubation of the bronchial Tube is performed as soon as possible, keeping the respiratory tract open, and then trying to remove the foreign body.
prevention
A. It is best not to eat foods, peanuts, Beans and other foods under the age of five.You can remove melon seeds when you eat watermelon.Eat a feeding to avoid laughing, crying, or scolding children.To change the bad habits of eating while playing while walking, so as not to cry once after falling, suck the food in your mouth into the airway.Take care of children carefully, children with a little older education, do not feed young children to eat melon seeds, peanuts, Beans and other foods.It is also necessary to prevent children from getting the above food by themselves.
b. Educate children not to put small toys in their mouths, and find that children should try to remove them in time when they contain things.But do not seize forcibly, so as not to inhale after crying.
C. Adults should change the habit of biting needles, nails and other things in their mouths when they change their jobs to prevent hair accidents.For patients who have not been awake after a coma or general anesthesia, take care of them carefully: remove the shaking in advance
Acute infection wound
Classification
The main manifestations of acute infection wounds are local red, swelling, heat, pain, and dysfunction. Symptoms of the whole body depend on the degree of infection and physical strength.
Puruocardial wound infection: common wound honeycomb wovenitis, wound purulent, etc.
Specific wound infection: common diseases such as tetanus, tuberculosis, anaerobic gangrene.
Processing method
It should be open to facilitate the flow of infection stoves. Washing the wound as soon as possible, remove pus and necrotic tissue with irritating dressing, and try to avoid the wounds and antibiotics. Crack -shaped clean and healthy wounds.clean the granulation noodles and plant Skin early.
For early acute infection wounds can be used as hot compresses. Those with obvious swelling can be wet with 50 % magnesium sulfate solution, or creams such as golden ointment, jade dew cream, etc. can also be used.Apply.Those with long -term wounds in the limbs can be soaked with warm water or physiological saline. Those with severe pus in infection are soaked with 1: 5000 potassium permanganate solution to remove pus.If the wounds are severely infected in other parts, use bleach pink bor acid solution, sodium hypochlorite solution or hyperlove saline to wet wet compresses. Infection can be wet with salt water.For anaerobic infection wounds, the wound should be fully opened, and 1: 5000 potassium manganate or 1-2 % hydrogen peroxide is continuously dripped.For superficial wounds with necrotic tissues, use 5 % nitrate silver to corrode, and then wash them with salt water.Those who are closely attached to the necrotic tissue can be cut.Wounds with chloride infection can be wet with 1 to 2 % acetic acid or benzhenyl, 1 % sulfur mercury, and 0.1 to 0.5 % polyphonoin solution.For those who are infected with gangrenes, amputated treatment should be confirmed.For those suspected of rabies virus infection, rabies vaccine and antiditin serum should be injected in time.For those who are suspected of tetanus infection, it is advisable to inject tetanus antitoxin in time. While the above local treatment, it can also be cleared with Chinese medicine
Drowning
Drowning occurs mostly in summer and autumn, especially in teenagers.The drowning people often rescue the breath, irregular, difficulty, dyspnea, purple, cough, and even breathing and heartbeat stopping from the water.Drowning people often die due to suffocation. Those who drowns in freshwater, water from the lungs and bubbles enter the blood circulation, can cause blood dilution, increased blood volume, and hemolysis, causing acute pulmonary edema and electrolyte disorders.Those drowning in seawater can also cause pulmonary edema and electrolyte disorders due to blood concentration and decreased blood capacity.
treat
Drowning first aid is unstoppable. The recovery on the spot is the most important. After rescuing the drowning person, the vomiting of the mouth, nasopharynx cavity and sediment of the mouth, keep the respiratory tract open, and pull the tongue out to avoid blocking the respiratory tract back.You can raise the abdomen of the drowning person, drooping his chest and head, or holding his legs. The abdomen walks or beats on the shoulders of the first aid to "pour water".Restoring the drowning people's breathing is the key to emergency or failure. Artificial breathing should be performed immediately. You can take a mouthplace or mouth to the nose to breathe artificially.The artificial breathing ratio is 4: 1.Due to the common pulmonary edema and electrolyte disorders of drowning, they should be quickly sent to the Hospital for treatment while first aid.
Those who have pulmonary edema occur immediately, and they should immediately use the intrauna in the trachea and perform intermittently positive pressure, and give 75 % ethanol inhalation to relieve the respiratory obstruction caused by the swelling liquid.Those who are conscious can give stimulants, such as Nickesham, returning to Su Ling.Antibacterial treatment can prevent aspiration pneumonia.When metabolic acid poisoning appears, 5 % measuring sodium carbonate solution can be injected 100 ml.
For first aid for the recovery of drowning patients, the most commonly used and effective artificial breathing in the breath of the population is the most commonly used. The artificial breathing cannot be interrupted, and it cannot be easily abandoned and rescued. It has not been rescued until the restoration of autonomous breathing or other symptoms.
After the rescue of the basically recovered drowning patients at the scene, they should be sent to the Hospital to observe in time to avoid delaying the diagnosis and treatment of lung complications.
Electrical injury
When the human body contact current or arc can cause electrical injury. When the 8-12 mAh current passes through the body, the muscles are automatically contracted, and there may be "one blow" feeling without obvious damage.More than 20 mAh can cause Skin burns in the contact site, and currents above 25 mAh can cause atrium fibrillation and death.The voltage of 220 to 1000 volts can cause the heart and breathing at the same time.Electric injuries are different due to the severity of damage.The mild electric shock injury has only lost consciousness, heart floating, dizziness, or short -term consciousness, and no symptoms are left after recovery.Those with severe electrical injury can call shock, ventricular fibrillation or breathing, cardiac arrest, and even death.After the recovery of the electric shock, you can leave dizziness, palpitations, tinnitus, dazzling, hearing, or vision disorder, which can be restored by yourself.Electrical injury can also cause organs or rupture.The local damage of the electrical injury is mainly burns.
treat
Once an electrical injury occurs, the patient should be quickly separated from the power, immediately cut off the power, or uses a dried wooden stick and bamboo rod to pull the power.Quickly move the patient to the ventilation place, and those who have stopped breathing and heartbeat should immediately perform artificial respiration and chest heart massage. Artificial respiration for at least 4 hours, or until the recovery of autonomous breathing, those who have the conditions shall perform the tracheal intubation and press the oxygen artificial manual artificial artificial artificial artificial artificial artificial mannerbreathe.Do not give up the rescue easily.Those who are unconscious appear acupuncture can be acupuncture or pointed at the acupuncture points such as people and Zhongchong.Electrical injury is very important. Do not delay the timing of rescue because of being sent to the Hospital.It can still be used to use antibiotics and tetanus antivirus serum.
The local therapy of electrical injury is good for exposure therapy, and its principles and methods are the same as normal burns.
Pay attention to symptomatic treatment for electrical injuries. Cerebal edema caused by hypoxia can be dehydrated using mannitol and 50 % glucose.Due to electrical injuries, the limb muscles are strongly contracted, and it can be treated with fractures and dislocation.
prevention
Strict rules and regulations, popularization of electricity consumption, can reduce the occurrence of electrical injuries.
fracture
Fractures can happen in normal times or exercise.The cause of fractures can be divided into two categories: trauma and pathological.Most of the trauma fractures are mostly caused by direct violence and indirect violence. The former such as explosion injuries, squeezing wounds, and stunning injuries, such as falling down to produce lower radial fractures, fractures of the humerus, humestone surgery fracture, etc.Fracture means that the Bone itself is sick and causes fractures under normal or light injuries.The trauma fractures can be divided into two categories: closed and open.In addition, the degree of violence, the shape of the fracture and the end of the fracture are staggered or shifted.It can also be divided into complete and incomplete fractures or horizontal, oblique, crushing, spiral, inlaid fractures, and fractures with displacement or no displacement.
Symptoms and diagnosis
Once a fracture occurs, pain, swelling, and ecchymosis can occur at the fracture site.Swelling is formed by the damaged edema of bleeding and soft tissue after fracture.Part of the affected limb is partially lost.When the fracture is severe, malformations can be produced, such as shortening, rotation, and angle.When you check it, you can find activities (ie, the fake joint) at the activity, and when you move the affected limb occasionally, you can also hear the sound of the Bone breaks rubbing each other (that is, the Bone rubbing sound).At the same time of fracture, it may be accompanied by vascular and nerve injuries, causing the distal end of the limbs to cause ischemia or feel numb and movement disorders.For example, the fracture of the humerus fracture causes the fracture end to compress the anterior arm of the humerus arteries, the pain of the affected limb, the decrease in the end of the peripheral, pale color, and weakening the pulse or disappear.If the fracture end compresses the middle nerve, the feeling and dysfunction of the nerve distribution area in the middle of the affected limb may occur.If it is an open fracture, the fracture end is connected with the wound of the Skin or diaphragm, and the bleeding at the fracture can flow out of the wound.
After the fracture, it can produce shock due to severe pain, excessive bleeding, or head, chest, and abdominal organs.The cranial fracture can also cause brain vibration and brain liability.Fractive ribs can pierce the lungs to produce blood chest, pneumothorax and cough.When fractures in the lower ribs, the rupture of liver, spleen, and intestinal curls can occur, and symptoms of peritoneal stimulation may occur; pelvic fractures can concurrent bladder urethra and pelvic damage, such as hematuria and urination difficulty.
In addition to the diagnosis of fractures, in addition to the above medical history and symptoms, X -rays can be checked for the diagnosis under conditional conditions to help diagnosis.
treat
Fractive fractures are necessary in a timely and reasonable treatment.If it is not handled properly, it will affect daily life and labor, and even cause disability and casualties.Therefore, when rescue, it is necessary to rescue life, but also to rescue the function of the limbs and restore the limbs.
The wounded should be quickly first -aid and detailed inspection. If there are shock or organs, the anti -shock treatment (see section "Section" Section "Section") should be performed first.Pain can use acupuncture to reduce pain or drug relief, such as cocaine and morphine.If bleeding should stop bleeding.Block the wounds and fix the affected area with a splint.Except for the rescue and severe fracture of the fire line, it should generally be treated on the spot.
Treatment of closed fracture
The principle is reset, fixing and functional exercise.There are three types of treatment:
A. Method reset (closed reset) Fix with gypsum or small splint.
The advantage of this method is that fractures are healing fast, suitable for most long backbone fractures.When reset, make a few minutes of traction, pull the overlapping fracture end, and then combine the closer end of the fracture far -end broken end, and correct the correction or rotation such as corner or rotation to meet the requirements of the reset.The requirements for reset should vary according to different bones, such as collarbone, humerus, and child femoral backbone, do not need to be completely good (that is, anatomical reset).It's okay; but in the Bone fracture of the adult femur, the anon and child's forearm fractures and the fracture of near the joint surface will strive to completely reset, otherwise it will affect the function.The length can be measured with a tape, compared with the healthy side.However, in the thick parts of the muscles, such as femoral, spine, pelvis, femoral neck, etc., X -ray can be checked.
After reset, the bones are fixed with external fixed bones such as gypsum or small splint until the fracture heal.During the fixed period and after removing fixed objects, the functional exercise of the affected limb should be strengthened.
Gypsum fixation must fix the upper and lower joints of the fracture end.After the fracture healing is removed, joint activities must be performed for a period of time to restore the function of the limbs, so the entire treatment time is longer.After plastering, when the limb swelling and disadvantage and the muscles are loose, a suitable gypsum should be changed. Generally, 7 to 10 days after the fracture, otherwise it can cause the limb or part of the muscle ischemia and disabled.When using a small splint local fixing fracture, no fixed joint is required, it has the function of continuing to reset, and can apply the principle of "combining dynamic and static" to perform functional exercise of the affected limb.The backpill function of the splint is restored.However, the close joint fracture is not easy to fix. After the use of small splints is fixed, it is necessary to pay close attention to its looseness and adjust it appropriately. Generally once every 3-5 days, adjust it at any time to prevent excessive tight,ulcer.
B. Continuous traction method uses Skin traction or Bone lead to treat fractures.
It is suitable for fractures on the ribs, femoral or tibial fibula fractures, oblique or crushing fractures (more than three pieces of fractures).The fracture should be completely reset within three days after the traction, and the malformation should be corrected.If necessary, you can also add a small splint to keep it in a place where the fracture is healed.
C. Surgical cuttings and internal fixation are exposed to expose fractures, reset, and then fix the reset bones with stainless steel internal fixation.
The commonly used internal fixation is steel wires, steel plates, screws, plum -style intramed marrow nails, etc.After using the internal fixation, it is still necessary to fix it with external, otherwise, due to muscle contraction, the internal fixation will break and the fracture will be shifted.If you are fixed with a plum -type an internal margin needle, you do not need to be fixed.However, it cannot go down the ground within two months after surgery, otherwise it will also affect the healing of the fracture.Because surgery can disturb the fracture hematoma and damage the osteosumin, the fracture healing is slow, and even infection can be caused, so it is only used to close the fracture of the failure of the failure;Tibial platforms, double ankle fractures are shifted) and fractures accompanied by vascular injury.
Note: During the healing period of fractures, it varies from person to person, and it is also different.Generally speaking, children with fractures without displacement are faster, and the ends of the long bones are fast.
Most of the above -mentioned three methods of treating closed fractures, most of them adopt first and two, that is, closed and dew, and cutting and reset should strictly grasp the surgical indications.
Fracture at the same time is combined with vascular injury (such as the femoral pheasant, the fracture of the fracture of the humerus cricket), the reset should be closed first, and then the arterial artery should be touched.Before the blood vessels are connected, the internal fracture should be fixed to fix it to facilitate the blood vessels.After the fracture is fixed, the patient should strive to exercise the unsteady part of the limbs, which is conducive to promoting the healing of fractures and preventing joints.
The treatment of open fracture
The principle of the treatment of open fractures is to use surgical methods to make it a closed fracture.Therefore, after the whole body is improved, after the shock is corrected, the surgery should be performed as soon as possible.
Fracture of traditional Chinese medicine treatment: external application, internal clothing and smoked washing.External application, three -color and three yellow ointments are commonly used to promote blood circulation, swelling, and analgesia; internal medicine takes blood circulation and removing blood stasis early, qi and pain, and pain relief.In the late stage, it is mainly Shujin Tongluo, strong bones and blood nourishing blood.For the healing fractures, the smoked prescription is scrubbed with the limbs related to eliminate swelling and facilitate the exercise of the limbs.
asphyxia
That is, the respiratory tract is blocked, and the air cannot enter the lung cavity. It can often be seen in drowning, lening, etc. The main plactium manifests is breathing dullness, weakening breathing, and even breathing stop.
See Drowning Section for the suffocating rescue of drowning.
Those who have suffocated due to their suffocation should immediately perform artificial breathing. If the neck soft tissue bleeding or throat fracture affects the artificial respiratory effect, the trachea is performed as soon as possible.massage.
Do not give up easily for the rescue of suffocation. When doing artificial breathing, you must persist until the autonomous breathing recovery or the heartbeat stops half an hour.If necessary, you can apply respiratory stimulants, such as Kulaming, Lobelin or sodium benzoate caffeine.
Snow blind
In the same day, snow blindness is a type of light damage.The plateau air is thin, the sunlight has less penetration, and the ultraviolet rays are strong, and the reflection effect of the ice and snow is added, so the sunlight is far from flat.People are playing, walking, walking, and a large number of corneal absorption of ultraviolet rays in the snow. The main cause of snow blindness is that the ultraviolet rays of high mountains are strong, and the irradiation of infrared rays also has a certain effect.Snow blindness symptoms, at the beginning, seemed to have foreign body particles friction, and then the eyes quickly had severe tingling or burning pain, shame, tears, eyelid spasm, and unclear visual objects.The cornea has white thin dot -shaped shallow turbid, with mucus -like secretion, narrowing pupils, and dull response to the light.
measure
After the symptoms of patients should go to the dark, wearing protective glasses, wet eyes and cold compresses, and local drops of 0.5%of the scaldaine relieving pain (not high concentration), and antibiotic eye drops such as fluoroplastics to prevent infection.Or a custard of loose eye drops and 0.5%Pattocaine, analgesic and anti -inflammatory.
After the two eyes are used, it is covered with gauze, fixed, and rest on the spot.
Those with mild symptoms can be recovered in 3 to 4 hours, and those with severe illnesses can last for 5 to 7 days.The cases encountered can be fully recovered.However, in the acute stage due to pain, unable to open the eyes, it is equivalent to temporarily blindness, which seriously affects the ability to move in the mountains.
prevention
In the ice and snow areas below 7000 meters or under the scorching sun, wearing a dark protective mirror; in the high mountains of more than 7000 meters, wearing alpine glasses that defense purple and infrared.
Sunshine dermatitis
This disease often occurs on the exposed parts such as face and neck.Most patients with sunshine dermatitis have only local Skin redness and black, and no obvious pain, and no treatment.
Some climbers who are more sensitive to ultraviolet rays may appear red and swollen blisters in the irradiation site, which is very painful. After that, dark brown pigmentation appears, and black sun spots appear on the cheeks.The Skin can gradually improve the Skin's adaptability.
treat
It is mainly anti -inflammatory ointment such as penicillin. Those with herpes have gallbladder purple to prevent infection. Local inflammation will heal for several days.
prevention
When you first arrive in the mountains, you must not exercise or work naked for a long time (more than half an hour) for a long time (more than half an hour), and the exposure time can only increase gradually.When it is under the scorching sun in the mountains, the exposure part of the face should be applied to the sun, and the sunscreen can also be used with a white gauze.
Special Mic 
